Email: Do It Well

Book Reviews / Communication

In my quest to model good reading behavior, I often check out books to peruse while my kids read. Recently I picked up Send: Why People Email so Badly and How to Do It Better. I admit I was wondering what a book could teach me about e-mail, but it turned out to be very useful.  For starters, I can articulate what bothers me about a poorly crafted e-mail.

This book lays out things that many of us learned through mistakes. For instance, while it is ok to mention details of your recent rubber-ducky induced plumbing disaster to your close colleague, if that same information is forwarded to your Dean, it feels embarrassing.

The book also provides clear guidance on some trickier things – like when to ‘BCC’ someone and why to ‘CC’  someone rather than including him/her in the ‘To’ box. (Hint: if you don’t need a reply, the CC box is appropriate.)

It also includes some nice tips for getting what you want out of e-mails, especially how to break up long e-mails and provide the reader with clear action steps for responding.  (Hint: Include bulleted action steps early with a date for response.) This information is critical in an age when we often ask people for favors online and need a prompt response to keep a grant or publication moving forward.

Other tips I found helpful was clear subject lines with keywords to allow for later searching, as well as updating the subject line when the conversation switches to a new topic.  We have all had the experience of trying to find an e-mail months later, and these simple steps can retrieve items quickly using the search function.

As someone who thinks a well-crafted e-mail could be used to save an hour-long meeting, this book is a must read for a more productive day and a functional outbox.  The book has short chapters and several nice tables to break up the text and summarize key points.  By the end, you’ll be primed to update subject headings frequently and craft tightly-worded, functional e-mails that will be safe when forwarded along to the rest of the universe.

The Power of Pause: How to be More Effective in a Demanding, 24/7 World

Book Reviews / Productivity

Count to ten!  Take a deep breath!  But what next? These time-tested techniques are often not enough when conflict threatens to jeopardize a project, although Nance Guilmartin does use this advice as a first step.

Guilmartin suggests that we get curious, not furious,” leading to a culture of learning, resolution and improvement instead of the negative withdrawal, polarization and paralysis we often experience at work when people become angry.

Asking “what don’t I know that I don’t know?” is Guilmartin’s next step to unity and progress replacing the overt or covert negative behavior that can manifest when people and situations are not fully understood.

It is possible to dip into the book for tips and ideas, although reading from start to finish will be the most useful.  Case studies are outlined in text boxes making them easy to ignore or easy to find depending on your preferences.  The concepts are further explained with the analogy of a vehicle braking and acceleration system.  This book is heavy on narrative and light on graphics.  The concepts are easy to understand and can be put into practice immediately.

You can initiate more effective communication today: pause when negative thoughts and feelings arise, replace furious feelings with curious thoughts, find out what is really going on in this situation and finally take note of Guilmartin’s Twelve Ways to Be Your Best and to Succeed in a Demanding 24/7 World!

The message in this book will be useful to you, whatever your role in working with others.

Regrouping to Gain Resilience & Resolve

Book Reviews / Productivity

Scenario*:

  • Early career faculty member with perfect academic pedigree and several strong first-authored publications.
  • Currently at mid-point of second year on tenure track.
  • Rushed resubmission of career development grant.
  • Did not incorporate advice and or use available resources like internal study section or mentor review to optimize the application.
  • Second submission of NIH career development proposal received an unfundable score.

Elements of the conversation:

  • The reviewers in this study section just weren’t helpful and were totally inconsistent with themselves.
  • No one else would have even tried to pull this off. People just don’t understand the science.
  • [Jane Doe] didn’t pull her weight with the stats; we probably should have used neural net modeling.
  • Being on clinical service was a huge distraction. There’s just not enough time.

Upshot:

  • As hard as I’ve trained, it’s not fair to be killing myself this way. It’s not like I can put more into this.
  • Academics has become a pointless grind chasing impact factors, pleasing reviewers, trying to guess what’s trendy, and contorting my research to try to fit someone else’s ideas of what’s important.
  • I’m not going to play this game anymore.

It’s appropriate to empathize with this situation. And venting is fine. Yet, the literature on locus of control, suggests the next thing to do is to make the bitter inventory of how we might have contributed to the undesired outcome. This means moving our thoughts and ruminations from things “out there” to things we control. Own it, regroup, and press on.

We all have blind spots; and none are larger than those related to how we think about and what we think about ourselves. Enter 13 Things Mentally Strong People Don’t Do. Push past the fact that the title sounds macho and like it may be blaming people. In 13 Things, Amy Morin provides an inventory of patterns we need to give up in order to succeed. I’m using the pirate code to pass them along because you will want the book.

Those who will succeed don’t:

  1. Waste Time Feeling Sorry for Themselves
  2. Give Away Their Power
  3. Shy Away from Change
  4. Focus on Things They Can’t Control
  5. Worry about Pleasing Everyone
  6. Fear Taking Calculated Risks
  7. Dwell on the Past
  8. Make the Same Mistakes Over and Over
  9. Resent Other People’s Success
  10. Give Up after the First Failure
  11. Fear Alone Time
  12. Feel the World Owes Them Anything
  13. Expect Immediate Results

The regroup: 

I can make a recovery but will need to:

  • Accept that I’m more energized by my new work and figure out a way to feature different science in the next application.
  • Make and stick with a timeline, including time for revisions and internal review, for the next round.
  • Sit down with more senior folks to decipher the heart of the reviewers concerns so I don’t go there again.
  • Be more candid with my stats collaborator and learn more about our analysis options.
  • Consider an editor and some scientific illustration help to make the product extremely polished.
  • Get proactive about swapping in-patient service demands around grant deadlines with friends who aren’t researchers.

You may be tempted to gift this book to a whiny office mate, a challenging mentee, or a teenager you live with. Don’t! First read it and have the conversation with yourself about what self-talk, emotional hot buttons, and coping behaviors you lean on that may unintentionally undermine your success. (Also consider how you may be modeling external locus of control for those around you.) Most of us have room to work on our ability to analyze strengths and weaknesses, seek and use pointed critique, and reject excuses. When we do, new resilience and resolve will follow.

* Mash up of experiences. Does not represent a specific individual or a common event at our institution.

References:

Locus of control in relation to objective and subjective career success.

Psychological empowerment as a criterion for adjustment to a new job

Simple Steps to Validating and Managing Others: A Bedtime Story

Book Reviews

You may be scoffing at finding time to read, but let’s face it, if you want to reach the next level you have to reach for it purposefully.  As a K-level scholar, I know my next step is managing a large research team, and I need some additional management skills to round out my skill set.  Vanderbilt’s Edge Library has been my go-to reading on the topic.  I’ve found carefully curated books that are, on the whole, easy to read at the end of the day when I just can’t take one more journal article.  It’s like having a bedtime story that prepares me for the job of my dreams.

My favorite book so far is Hardwiring Excellence.  Look past the boring cover and the outdated title. (Do we even use wires anymore?) Inside is some great, easy-to-use advice.  It uses stories and examples to make the point, and the fairly short chapters mean you can take it in small chunks.  I won’t spoil the book for you, but it gives you concrete steps for forming and growing positive relationships with members of your team or area of interest.  These are simple to implement steps that you can use right now without purchasing a thing or getting another app on your phone.

For example, the book encourages you to spread good news.  When you hear a colleague has done a good job, spend some time spreading that news and credit the person who said it.  For example, a friend says that a recent journal article used some fabulous new methods and you know the author, then let the author know that your friend was impressed.

Always the skeptic, I tried this method out in a recent series of interactions, and lo and behold, it worked!  Relationships strengthened, people made happier.  Boom.  All because of a good bedtime story.

More Resources

Microaffirmations

Go go go…read The Progress Principle

Not that Kind of Boss: Tales of Team Management and Mentorship

Small Wins for Sustained Success: The Progress Principle

Book Reviews

Don’t let your lab’s fortunes sink like the Titanic, to borrow the opening simile from The Progress Principle.  Read this book instead and find out how to facilitate daily progress among yourself, your coworkers, and your subordinates, leading to “virtuous loops” of small successes (that add up to big victories) and happier, more creative and productive people.

In this business classic, authors Teresa Amabile, Baker Foundation Professor at Harvard Business School, and Stephen Kramer, a developmental psychologist and author of several Harvard Business Review articles, build their system on the principle that “[b]ecause they spend so much of their lives working, people deserve the dignity of having positive lives at work.”  Their findings, drawn from thousands of daily work diaries at companies of various sizes and industries, indicate that daily progress does more than anything else to influence “inner work life.”  (Don’t scoff at the emphasis on feelings.  The authors explain in footnoted detail exactly why, on a neurobiological level, emotions are vital to good decision-making.)

So how can you help your research assistants and administrators take incremental steps every day?  Amabile and Kramer have several suggestions, ranging from simply ensuring they have the resources (computer, office supplies, student worker help) to do their work, to allowing them real autonomy in how they complete their tasks.  Most importantly, clear as many barriers to progress as possible, because in their research, the authors discovered that setbacks have more than twice the influence than progress on inner work life.  So if the centrifuge isn’t working?  Get it fixed as soon as possible.

The authors describe two other types of actions that promote positive inner work lives: “catalysts” for progress such as clear goals, enough time to actually do the work, and allowing employees to voice ideas; and “nourishers,” or interpersonal support, like acknowledging and empathizing with a frustrating computer program or providing opportunities for coworkers to get acquainted.  Leaders of small teams have an especially strong influence on team members’ inner work lives through these channels, which is detailed in an excellent chart on page 118.

With its clear guidance and illustrative examples drawn from fourteen years of research, this book excels at translating psychological insight into intriguing and transformational methods of management.  Will your ship sink or sail?

The Progress Principle: Using Small Wins to Ignite Joy, Engagement, and Creativity at Work
Teresa Amabile and Stephen Kramer
Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2011

More Resources

StrengthsFinder 2.0: Discover Your CliftonStrengths

How to Manage People as a New Investigator

Simple Steps to Validating and Managing Others: A Bedtime Story

 

Why You Should Read The Creative Habit

Book Reviews

So you’re not a dancer.  You’re not a musician.  You’re not an artist or a poet.  Why read this book?  Because you have ideas: ideas for new population studies, new treatments for disease, and new ways to look at data.  And this book will give you the habits that beget more good ideas and allow you to take advantage of them when they show up.  For creativity, as choreographer and author Twyla Tharp stresses, is not an inborn characteristic nor merely the odd bolt of inspiration; it is a collection of patterns and practices that allow anyone to create—as long as they’re willing to put in the work.

Tharp begins by describing how she has aligned her own life to foster creativity, because “[e]verything is usable….But without proper preparation, I cannot see it, retain it, and use it.  Without the time and effort invested in getting ready to create, you can be hit by the thunderbolt and it’ll just leave you stunned.”  She knows her own “creative DNA” (there’s a questionnaire included for you to discover yours), creates and hews to rituals to make beginning a project automatic rather than scary, and daydreams creatively (see p. 30 for a primer on how).  Included in proper preparation is mastery of the fundamentals of one’s art—the basic barre work for a ballerina, grammar and diction for a writer—through “perfect practice,” and a lot of it.  (Tharp doesn’t let anyone off easy.)

She then arranges the rest of the chapters as a journey through her creative process, from how she “scratches” for inspiration, to how she determines the “vital…difference between good planning and too much planning,” to how she benefits from both resources and limits.  If you’ve ever had to figure out a novel method of running an experiment because the money just wasn’t there to do it any other way, you know what she’s talking about.

She ends each chapter with several helpful and unusual “exercises” built around the same theme: getting out of a rut, or determining the critical “spine” of your work.

Perhaps because of her dance background, Tharp’s advice is rich with visual metaphor, such as her description of planning as scaffolding around a construction site that goes away as the building rises above the ground.  This background of course gives rise to many exercises and habits grounded in physical movement, but they aren’t just for dancers; anyone can do “Egg” (112) or “Do A Verb” (203).  They are, as she writes, “exercise[s] that teach…you how to accomplish the most difficult task in any creative endeavor: begin.”

So if you’re finding it hard to sit down and write that manuscript, or turn that great idea into a workable study, take a look at this book, and get into the habits of creativity.

The Creative Habit: Learn It and Use It For Life
Twyla Tharp with Mark Reiter
New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003

Recapture Your Free Time with How to Write a Lot

Book Reviews / Productivity / Writing & Publishing

Do you find your grant-writing intruding on time you’d rather spend with your family?  Did revisions to that last journal article ruin your vacation?  Then this book might be just the thing you need.

Author Paul Silvia wanted to call How to Write a Lot  “How to Write More Productively During the Normal Work Week With Less Anxiety and Guilt, but no one would buy that book.”  As the brevity of the volume indicates, his secret is simple: Create a schedule and stick to it.  Of course, simple in theory and simple in practice are different things, so Silva spends the rest of the book on methods to make keeping a writing schedule easier, and includes sections on how to write more clearly, better organize a manuscript, and submit your best work to journals and publishers, all of which will help you become a more productive writer.  Although Silva is an Associate Professor of Psychology, his tips and tricks hold true for academics in almost any field.

“If you allot 4 hours a week for writing,” Silva says, “you will be surprised at how much you will write.  By surprised, I mean astonished; and by astonished, I mean dumbfounded and incoherent.  You’ll find yourself committing unthinkable perversions, like finishing grant proposals early….You’ll be afraid to talk with friends in your department about writing out of the fear that they’ll think, ‘You’re not one of us anymore’—and they’ll be right.”  Though four hours is a good starting point, your own schedule and needs will dictate how much time you allot.  The key is the regularity rather than sheer number of hours.

Still unconvinced?  Silva breaks down several “specious barriers” to keeping a writing schedule in the second chapter.  If you need to do more reading, your allotted writing time can be used for anything related to writing, including reviewing page proofs, crunching statistics, or reading articles.  Can’t write without a better computer/desk/printer?  Check out page 21 for Silva’s Spartan setup, including a plastic chair and a laptop with no internet connection (it keeps distractions to a minimum).  Waiting for inspiration?  That’s the most specious barrier of all, because as a chart on page 25 shows, in an experiment where some people were asked to write on a schedule and others only when they were inspired, those who write on a schedule wrote three times as much as the “spontaneous” writers, and had twice as many creative ideas.  Silva backs up all his recommendations with evidence from behavioral studies and personal experience that is often as witty as it is insightful.

“Writing is a grim business,” Silva writes, but if you follow the advice in this book, you can find ways to release its stranglehold on your free time, leaving you much less grim.

How to Write a Lot, Revised Edition
Paul J. Silvia
Washington, D.C.: APA Life Tools, 2018

Why you should read The Opposable Mind

Book Reviews / Management & Leadership

For fifteen years prior to this book’s publication, author Roger Martin studied successful leaders, interviewing more than fifty of them for up to eight hours at a time, trying to find a pattern to their success.  The pattern he discovered was what he calls “integrative thinking.” Such thinkers have the predisposition and capacity to hold two diametrically opposing ideas in their heads.  And then, without panicking or simply settling for one alternative or the other, they’re able to produce a synthesis that is superior to either opposing idea.

Martin breaks this way of thinking into four identifiable differences from conventional thinking: First, when integrative thinkers face a problem, they include as many “salient features,” or points of consideration, as possible.  They welcome the mess, because it assures them that they haven’t edited out features necessary to the contemplation of the problem as a whole.  This is critical for all the steps, which rely on looking at problems as a whole rather than as component parts.  Relationships between parts of a problem are multidirectional and nonlinear (considering these is the second step of integrative thinking), and considering these relationships and components as a whole avoids the trap of coming up with the perfect solution that’s impossible to execute, or which will solve one part of the problem but worsen another (yep, that’s the third step).  Finally, rather than settling for one option or another, integrative thinkers ?search for creative resolution of tensions, or the best of both worlds, even if it means delays and rework at the last minute.

Martin illustrates this process with a case study of the Four Seasons Hotel, whose founder refused to settle for either large, lavishly-appointed but impersonal hotels or small, cozy motels that lacked state-of-the-art amenities, instead creating a business model that provides both.  Other examples discussed include the Institute for OneWorld Health, whose founder decided it was “unacceptable!” that many lethal diseases afflicting primarily the world?s poor went unacknowledged by traditional for-profit pharmaceutical companies.  She filled the structural gap between companies that developed new drugs they needed to sell at high prices to recoup costs, and non-profit organizations that distributed existing drugs to the world?s poor at subsidized rates, with a not-for-profit pharmaceutical development company.  Have there been instances in your career where you had to choose between the proverbial rock and a hard place?  Then you need to read this book.

As Martin acknowledges, The Opposable Mind largely chronicle[s] the obvious that has been taken for granted.  However, looking at the obvious from new angles and considering new salient features is the first step of integrative thinking.  What better place to start than right at the beginning?

The Opposable Mind
Roger Martin
Harvard Business Review Press, 2009

Don’t Delay (Or Do). Read Wait: The Art and Science of Delay

Book Reviews

wait-largeDid you know that speakers who frequently pause for short periods are more persuasive than those who don’t?  Or that not lingering on a date that’s going well can make a new relationship stronger?  What about the fact that taking some time before apologizing causes the wronged person to view the apology as more sincere

Frank Partnoy, a corporate lawyer and former investment banker who also happens to write Wall Street exposes such as F.I.A.S.C.O. and Infectious Greed, says that most people, influenced by the rapid pace of modern life, tend to react too quickly—shooting off an email without thinking enough about the content, say—and that instead, “we generally should delay the moment of decision until the last possible instant.  If we have an hour, we should wait fifty-nine minutes before responding.  If we have a year, we should wait 364 days.  Even if we have just a half a second, we should wait as long as we possibly can.  Even milliseconds matter.”

Although this position flies in the face of popular wisdom, Partnoy marshals convincing evidence from psychologists, economists, business analysts, military strategists, and even sports scientists to demonstrate the benefits of delay.  Baseball players who spend the longest waiting for the ball to arrive before swinging stand the best chance of hitting a home run.  Programmers often write short pauses into their code to prevent data packet traffic jams.  Famously, the use of checklists in operating rooms almost halves OR deaths.  As Partnoy writes, the value of a checklist in any stressful, fast-paced scenario is that, like waiting for the baseball to approach the plate, it forces people consider their actions before they act.  Taking just “a few extra seconds before the incision helps to slow down the tempo of a surgical procedure, and that slower tempo leads to better outcomes.”

Partnoy peppers the book with other intriguing findings: we feel we work longer hours not because we do (“if you actually work longer hours than your parents did, you are an outlier,” he notes), but because technology enables us to do many things at once, and “the intense focus required by multitasking makes us slower and less efficient at our jobs, even as it stretches our perception of work time.”  Think getting paid more might negate that feeling?  Think again; the more someone is paid, the more time pressure they feel.  And fascinatingly, he reports on one study that found subliminally flashing fast food logos at people interfered their ability to take pleasure from attractive photos and pleasant music.  Having it your way has some hefty hidden drawbacks.

A mixture of engagingly-presented information, object lessons, and advice about how to incorporate optimal delay into your own life, Wait is not to be missed.

Wait: The Art and Science of Delay
Frank Partnoy
New York: PublicAffairs, 2012

Why You Should Read Drive

Book Reviews / Productivity

This is not the book for anyone wanting a quick hit of external motivation to reach a short-term goal. Daniel H. Pink disdains the easy ways out of carrots and sticks, grades and monetary incentives. Instead, Drive details the theory and implementation of what he calls “Motivation 3.0,” where the reward is the task itself—as long as we can turn the work into play by doing it how, when, and with whom we want, as well as work toward mastery of a skill while we do. Oh, and don’t forget: The work better be meaningful, too.

Sound like a tall order? Compared to the traditional motivators like bonuses and certificates, it is, but as Pink argues, it may be the only way to keep ourselves and the people around us engaged in our increasingly creative and self-directed work lives. For Pink, the three great motivators are autonomy, mastery, and purpose, all of which must come from inside us rather than be imposed by others. In this slim volume, he gives the reader lucid explanations of what he means by each term, evidence for why it matters drawn from psychological and case studies, and examples of its implementation in the real world. These include “20 percent time” at companies like Google and 3M, which gives employees greater autonomy over their tasks and time, or hospital cleaning staff who seek out new areas of mastery like chatting with patients to make their hospital stay less frightening.

Pink’s tips for turning your “Type X” (extrinsically motivated) self or workplace into a “Type I” (intrinsically motivated) one run the gamut from simple to complex. At one end, there’s asking yourself each day if you came closer to mastery of a skill than the day before. At the other, it’s implementing something like Netflix’s vacation non-policy, where the only rule is that employees get their work done, and otherwise can take whatever time off they want.

Pink also explains, again with extensive reference to clinical studies, how mixing external rewards/punishments and internal motivation frequently backfires, as with a Swedish study that showed fewer people donated blood when they were paid to do so. On the other hand, he acknowledges that for routine tasks that don’t involve altruism or require much creative thinking, where people must only “race down an obvious path, the carrot waiting for them at the finish line encourage[s] them to gallop faster.” While he urges readers to follow his methods, Pink has a refreshing lack of myopia about his subject material.drive

While it isn’t a quick fix, this is the book for anyone wanting to learn—or remind themselves—what really drives us all, so that with even a few tweaks, work can become more fulfilling, successful, and even fun.

Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us
Daniel H. Pink
New York: Riverhead Books, 2009